Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the wall between the heart’s two upper chambers. ASD is a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present from birth. In some cases of ASD, a small hole may only ...
In a Johns Hopkins Medicine study of patients who underwent adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery, preoperative opioid use and pain duration of four or more years were independently associated with ...
An atrial septal defect is a congenital heart issue. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it develops in about 1 in 1,859 babies in the United States. An atrial septal ...