Mathematical models are extremely limited at modeling ballast, the gravel layer located under railway tracks. Researchers have shown that a large part of the energy introduced by a train passing is ...

The evolution of particle breakdown in railway ballast – the crushed rock under railway tracks to absorb the weight of trains – has been modelled. Sun YiFei from the University of Wollongong led a ...

Railway track engineering is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of rail infrastructure. A critical component of this endeavour is the ballast, which ...

Maintaining properly packed and profiled ballast is a continuous and complex process that keeps railroads in top shape. Lack of proper attention to ballast quantity, quality, and drainage can result ...