Because of their simplicity, efficiency, and economy, slow sand filters are appropriate means of water treatment for community water supply in developing countries and for small water systems in other ...

The lateral-flow sand filter (LFSF) is an alternative system for household septic-tank effluent treatment that utilizes periodic or continuous surface discharge. The purpose of this study was to ...

Slow sand filtration remains a cornerstone of sustainable water treatment, harnessing both physical and biological processes to improve water quality. Central to this method is the development of a ...

The application of sand filters in micro-irrigation systems remains a cornerstone of modern water management and conservation. These systems utilise granular media to remove suspended solids and ...